τὰς πρότερον ἁμαρτίας

λύω, poet. imper.

A

λῦθι Pi.Fr.85

: [tense] fut. λύσω [ῡ] Il.1.29, etc.: [tense] aor.

ἔλῡσα 18.244

, etc.: [tense] pf.

λέλῠκα Th.7.18

, Ar.V. 992 ( ἀπο-), etc.:— [voice] Pass., [tense] pf.

λέλῠμαι Il.8.103

, etc.: [tense] plpf. ἐλελύμην [ῠ] Od.22.186, etc.: [tense] aor. ἐλύθην, [dialect] Ep. λύθην [ῠ] 8.360, E.Hel. 860, Th.2.103, etc.: [tense] fut.

λῠθήσομαι Pl.Ti. 41b

, Isoc.12.116, etc., also λελύσομαι [ῡ] D.14.2, X. Cyr.6.2.37 ( ἀπο-): [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. [voice] Pass. λύμην [ῠ] Il.21.80; λύτο [ῠ] ib. 114, but

λῦτο 24.1

(at beginning of line, v.l. λύτο);

λύντο 7.16

: also [ per.] 3sg. opt. [tense] pf.

λελῦτο Od.18.238

:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut.

λύσομαι Il.1.13

, etc.: [tense] aor.

ἐλυσάμην 14.214

: [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. λέλῦμαι in med. sense, D.36.45, Arist.Rh. 1400a22 (cf. δια-, κατα-λύω): [tense] fut. λύσομαι in pass. sense, ( δια-) Th.2.12, ( ἐπι-) Lys.25.33 codd. ( καταλύσεσθαι edd.), ( κατα-) X.Cyr.1.6.9.—Homer uses all tenses exc. [tense] pf. [voice] Act., [tense] pres. and [tense] fut. [voice] Pass. [In [tense] pres. and [tense] impf. [pron. full] ῡ always in [dialect] Att., [pron. full] ῠ mostly in [dialect] Ep., though Hom. has [pron. full] ῡ twice,

ἔλῡεν Il.23.513

, λῡει Od.7.74; also in compds.,

ἀλλῡεσκεν 2.105

, ἀλλῡουσαν ib. 109: in [tense] fut. and [tense] aor. 1 [pron. full] ῡ always: in other tenses [pron. full] ῠ always, exc. in the forms λελῦτο, λῦτο (v. supr.).] (Cf. Lat. luo (pay), re-luo, solvo (for se-luo), solūtus, etc.):— loosen:

I of things, unbind, unfasten, esp. clothes and armour, λῦσε δέ οἱ ζωστῇρα, θώρηκα, Il.4.215, 16.804; λ. παρθενίην ζώνην loose the maiden-girdle, of the husband after marriage, Od. 11.245; of the wife,

λύοι χαλινὸν ὑφ' ἥρωϊ παρθενίας Pi.I.8(7).48

;

ἔνθα παρθένει' ἔλυσ' ἐγὼ κορεύματα E.Alc. 177

; so

ἔλυσας.. ἅγνευμα σόν Id.Tr. 501

; freq. of the tackling of ships, λ. πρυμνήσια, ἱστία, λαῖφος, etc., Od.2.418, 15.496, 552, h.Ap. 406, etc. (never in Il.); λ. πρύμνας, νεῶν πόδα, E.Hec. 539, 1020, etc.: abs., λύειν, of ships, set sail,

λῦε, κυβερνήτα APl.1.6

*.9 ([place name] Panteleus); ἀσκὸν λ. untie a skin (used as a bag), Od.10.47: freq. in Trag., λ. στολάς, πέπλον, S.OC 1597, Tr. 924; λ. ἡνίαν slacken the rein, Id.El. 743; κλῄθρων λυθέντων when the gates have been opened, A.Th. 396; λ. γράμματα, δέλτον, open a letter, E.IA38 (anap.), 307; λ. πέδας, δεσμά, A.Eu. 645 ([voice] Pass.), E.HF 1123;

ἀρβύλας A.Ag. 945

; ἀρτάνας.. δέρης ἔλυσαν loosed it from my neck, ib. 876, cf. E.Hipp. 781:—[voice] Med., ἀπὸ στήθεσφιν ἐλύσατο κεστὸν ἱμάντα undid her belt, Il.14.214; but λύοντο τεύχεα they undid the armour for themselves, i.e. stripped it off (others), 17.318; later λυσαμένα πλοκαμῖδας unbinding her hair, Bion 1.20, etc.

b in various phrases, στόμα λ. open the mouth, E.Hipp. 1060, Isoc.12.96;

γλώσσας λ. εἰς αἰσχροὺς μύθους Critias 6.9

D.; λ. βλεφάρων ἕδραν wake up, E.Rh.8 (anap.); λ. ὀφρύν unfold the brow, Id.Hipp. 290;

λ. ἄχος ἀπ' ὀμμάτων S.Aj. 706

(lyr.), etc.

2 of living beings,

a of horses, etc., unyoke, unharness, opp. ζεύγνυμι, Od.4.35; ἐξ ὀχέων, ὑπὲξ ὀχέων, Il.5.369,8.504;

ὑφ' ἅρμασιν 18.244

;

ὑπὸ ζυγοῦ Od.4.39

:

ὑπὸ ζυγόφιν Il.24.576

;

ὑπ' ἀπήνης Od.7.6

(also in [voice] Med., μὴ.. ὑπ' ὄχεσφι λυώμεθα μώνυχας ἵππους unyoke our horses, Il. 23.7;

βόε λῦσαι Hes.Op. 608

); λύε μώνυχας ἵππους loosed them, Il.10.498; λ. κύνα let him loose, X.Cyn.6.13, etc.

b of men, release, deliver, esp. from bonds or prison, and so, generally, from difficulty or danger, Il.15.22, Od.8.345, 12.53, D.24.206, etc.; ὁ λύσων he that shall deliver, A.Pr. 771, 785: c. gen. rei,

τὸν.. θεοὶ κακότητος ἔλυσαν Od.5.397

, cf. Pi.P.3.50, etc.;

λ. τινὰ δεσμῶν A.Pr. 1006

;

ὄκνου S. Tr. 181

;

τὼ.. ἐκ δεσμοῖο λύθεν Od.8.360

, cf. Pi.O.4.23, A.Pr. 873, E.Hipp. 1244, Pl.R. 360c; also λ. δόμους ἁβρότατος rob the house of.., Pi.P.11.34; λ. τινὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς depose him from.., D.S.13.92:—[voice] Med., prop. get one loosed or set free,

λύσασθαί τινα δυσφροσυνάων Hes.Th. 528

;

ὅσπερ Ἰὼ πημονᾶς ἐλύσατο A.Supp. 1065

(lyr.):—[voice] Pass.,

λυθῆναι τὰς πέδας D.S.17.116

; λέλυται γὰρ λαὸς ἐλεύθερα βάζειν, ὡς ἐλύθη ζυγὸν ἀλκᾶς has been let loose to speak, since the yoke was loosed, A.Pers. 592 (lyr.).

c of prisoners, release on receipt of ransom, admit to ransom, release, Il.1.29, 24.137, 555, etc.;

λ. τινά τινι 1.20

, 24.561, Od.10.298; Σαρπηδόνος ἔντεα καλὰ λύσειαν would give them up, Il.17.163; in full,

λ. τινὰ ἀποίνων 11.106

;

χρημάτων μεγάλων Hdt.2.135

([voice] Pass.);

ἀνὴρ ἀντ' ἀνδρὸς λυθείς Th.5.3

:—[voice] Med., release by payment of ransom, get a person released, redeem, Il.1.13, 24.118, al., Od.10.284, 385, Pl.Mx. 243c, D.19.229;

λύσασθαί τινας ἐκ πολεμίων Lys.12.20

;

ἵππον X.An.7.8.6

;

ὅσους αὐτὸς ἐλυσάμην τῶν αἰχμαλώτων D.19.169

;

λ. τινὶ τὸ χωρίον Id.50.28

; ἑαυτοὺς λ. pay their own ransom, Id.19.169; buy from a pimp, Ar.V. 1353.

d λελύσθαι τῶν νόμων, = Lat. legibus solvi, D.C.53.18.

3 give up, [

θρόνον] λῦσον ἄμμιν Pi.P.4.155

.

II resolve a whole into its parts, dissolve, break up, λ. ἀγορήν dissolve the assembly, Il.1.305;

ἀγορὰς ἠμὲν λύει ἠδὲ καθίζει Od.2.69

, etc.:—[voice] Pass.,

λῦτο δ' ἀγών Il.24.1

;

μὴ λυθείη ἡ στρατιά X.Cyr.6.1.2

; πρὶν <ἂν>.. ἡ ἀγορὰ ( market)

λυθῇ Id.Oec. 12.1

;

λυθείσης τῆς συνουσίας Plb.5.15.3

.

2 of concrete objects, σπάρτα λέλυνται, i. e. have rotted, Il.2.135;

ῥαφαὶ δ' ἐλέλυντο ἱμάντων Od.22.186

; λ. τὴν σχεδίην break it up, Hdt.4.97; [ τὴν γέφυραν] X. An.2.4.17; τὴν ἀπόφραξιν ib.4.2.25.

3 esp. of physical strength, loosen, i. e. weaken, relax, λῦσε δὲ γυῖα made his limbs slack or loose, i. e. killed him, Il.4.469, al.;

ὅς τοι γούνατ' ἔλυσα 22.335

;

πολλῶν τε καὶ ἐσθλῶν γούνατ' ἔλυσεν 5.176

, etc.;

ἀλλά οἱ αὖθι λῦσε μένος 16.332

;

πέλεκυς λῦσεν.. βοὸς μένος Od.3.450

, cf. Il.17.29; but οἵ μοι καμάτῳ.. γούνατ' ἔλυσαν made my knees weak with toil, Od.20.118:—[voice] Pass., λύντο δὲ γυῖα, etc., as the effect of death, sleep, weariness, fear, Il. 7.16, etc.;

καμάτῳ φίλα γυῖα λέλυντο 13.85

, cf. Od.8.233;

αὐτοῦ λύτο γούνατα καὶ φίλον ἦτορ Il.21.114

, 425;

λύθη ψυχή τε μένος τε 5.296

, etc.;

λύθεν δέ οἱ ἅψεα πάντα Od.4.794

, 18.189;

λέλυται γυίων ῥώμη A.Pers. 913

(anap.);

λύεται δέ μου μέλη E.Hec. 438

;

λέλυμαι μελέων σύνδεσμα Id.Hipp. 199

(anap.).

b λύει βλέφαρα closes her eyes in sleep, S.Ant. 1302.

c metaph.,

λ. τὴν ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς πρὸς μάχην παρασκευήν X.HG7.5.22

.

4 undo, bring to naught, destroy,

πολίων κάρηνα Il.9.25

;

Τροίης κρήδεμνα 16.100

, Od.13.388, cf. B.Fr.16.7: generally, put an end to,

νείκεα Il.14.205

;

μελεδήματα 23.62

;

ἔριν E.Ph.81

, AP9.316.12 (Leon.);

πόλεμον Th.5.31

;

ἐπιμομφάν Pi.O.10(11).9

;

μέμψιν Democr.271

;

φόβον A.Th. 270

; φόβον καὶ τὴν ὑποψίαν Polystr.p.7 W., cf. Epicur.Sent.12;

μοχθήματα S.OC 1616

;

ἀνάγκας E.Supp.39

; βίον, i.e. die, Id.IT 692; αἰῶν' ἔλυσε, i.e. died, B.1.43;

λ. τὸ τέλος βίον S.OC 1720

(lyr.); μαχας Ar. Pax 991 (anap.);

νοσήματα Diocl.Fr.35

([voice] Pass.), cf. Gal.6.476;

κόπους Dsc.Eup.1.220

; forgive,

ἁμαρτήματα LXXJb.42.9

.

b in Prose, λ. νόμους repeal or annul laws, Hdt.3.82, D.3.10, Arist.Pol. 1269a15; οὐθὲν τῶν περὶ τὴν πολιτείαν ib. 1298b31;

λ. ψήφῳ τὸ παράνομον Aeschin. 3.197

([voice] Pass.), etc.;

ἐπεὶ ἐκεῖνοι ἔλυσαν τὰς σπονδὰς λελύσθαι μοι δοκεῖ ἡ ἐκείνων ὕβρις καὶ ἡ ἡμετέρα ὑποψία X.An.3.1.21

; rescind a vote,

ψῆφον λύει ὁ νόμος D.24.2

; revoke a will,

διαθήκην Is.6.33

, etc. (but in [voice] Pass., to be opened, of a will, POxy.715.19 (ii A. D.), etc.); unbind a spell, Iamb.Myst.3.27:—[voice] Pass., λέλυται πάντα all ties are broken, all is in confusion, D.25.25.

c as a technical term, solve a difficulty, a problem, a question,

λύεται ἡ ἀπορία Pl.Prt. 324e

, al.;

λ. ζήτημα Gal.6.436

.

d refute an argument, Pl.Grg. 509a, Arist.Rh. 1402b24,al.; cf.

λύσις 11.4b

,

λυτικός 11

.

e unravel the plot of a tragedy, opp. πλέκειν, Id.Po. 1456a10.

f λ. τὴν φάσιν, of the Moon, pass out of, Vett. Val.134.1, cf. 2.

5 break a legal agreement or obligation,

τὸν νόμον Hdt.6.106

;

τὰς σπονδάς Th.1.23

, 78, cf. 4.23, al.;

τὰ συγκείμενα Lys.6.41

; σίς κε τὰς ϝρήτας τάσδε λύση whoso breaks this agreement, Inscr.Cypr.135.29 H.

6 in physical sense, dissolve, λύθεν, opp. πάγεν, Emp.15.4; τὸ θερμὸν λύει, opp. πήγνυσι, Arist.Mete. 384b11, cf. 382b33 ([voice] Pass.);

ἀμμωνιακὸν ὄξει λύσας Gal.11.106

; melt,

παγείσας χιόνας Hdn.8.4.2

;

τι πυρὶ λ. Hippiatr.52

.

7 of medicines,

λ. τὴν κοιλίαν Arist.Pr. 863b29

, cf. Hp.Acut.(Sp.)38, Diocl.Fr.140; so of the effects of terror, Arist.Pr. 877a32 ([voice] Pass.).

8 resolve ¯ into [pron. full] ?λύωX?λύωX, in [voice] Pass., Heph.8, 10, Aristid. Quint.1.28.

III solve, fulfil, accomplish,

τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ μαντεῖα S.OT 407

;

ὅρκον Plb.6.58.4

.

IV atone for, make up for,

τὰς πρότερον ἁμαρτίας Ar.Ra.

691;

λύσων ὅσ' ἐξήμαρτον S.Ph. 1224

;

λ. φόνον φόνῳ Id.OT 101

, E. Or. 511;

αἱ πρόσοδοι λύουσι τἀναλώματα Diph.32.5

:—[voice] Med.,

τῶν πάλαι πεπραγμένων λύσασθ' αἷμα.. δίκαις A.Ch. 804

(lyr.).

V μισθὸν λύειν pay wages in full, quit oneself of them, used only in cases of obligation, X.Ages.2.31.

2 τέλη λύειν, = λυσιτελεῖν, pay, profit. avail, ἔνθα μὴ τέλη λύει φρονοῦντι where it boots not to be wise, S.OT 316: but more freq. λύει without τέλη, construed like λυσιτελεῖ, abs.,

λύει δ' ἄλγος E.Med. 1362

, cf. PSI4.400.16: c. dat. pers.,

φημὶ τοιούτους γάμους λύειν βροτοῖσιν E.Alc. 628

, cf.Hipp. 441: c. inf., πῶς οὖν λύει.. ἐπιβάλλειν; Id.Med. 1112 (anap.); ἐμοί τελύειτοῖσιμέλλουσιν τέκνοις τὰ ζῶντ' ὀνῆσαι it is good for me to benefit my living children by means of those to come, ib. 566;

λύει ἀπελθεῖν UPZ 77i12

(ii B.C.): c. acc. et inf., λύει γὰρ ἡμᾶς οὐδέν, οὐδ' ἐπωφελεῖ,.. θανεῖν it is not expedient that we should die ( οὐδ' ἐπωφελεῖ being parenthetic), S.El. 1005;

οὐ γάρ με λύει.. κακορροθεῖσθαι E.Sthen.Prol.35

; cf. λυσιτελέω.

ἁμαρτία, ίας, ἡ (w. mngs. ranging fr. involuntary mistake/ error to serious offenses against a deity: Aeschyl., Antiphon, Democr.+; ins fr. Cyzicus JHS 27, 1907, p. 63 [III B.C.] ἁμαρτίαν μετανόει; PLips 119 recto, 3; POxy 1119, 11; LXX; En, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 12:14; ParJer, ApcEsdr, ApcSed, ApcMos; EpArist 192; Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 69 al.; Ar. [Milne 76, 42]; Just., A I, 61, 6; 10; 66, 1, D. 13, 1 al.; Tat. 14, 1f; 20, 1; Mel., P. 50, 359; 55, 400; s. ClR 24, 1910, 88; 234; 25, 1911, 195–97).

① a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness

ⓐ sin (w. context ordinarily suggesting the level of heinousness), the action itself (ἁμάρτησις s. prec.), as well as its result (ἁμάρτημα), πᾶσα ἀδικία ἁ. ἐστίν 1J 5:17 (cp. Eur., Or. 649; Gen 50:17). ἁ. w. ἀνομήματα Hv 1, 3, 1; descr. as ἀνομία (cp. Ps 58:3; TestJob 43:17) 1J 3:4; but one who loves is far from sin Pol 3:3, cp. Js 5:20; 1 Pt 4:8, 1 Cl 49:5; Agr 13. ἀναπληρῶσαι τὰς ἁ. fill up the measure of sins (Gen 15:16) 1 Th 2:16. κοινωνεῖν ἁ. ἀλλοτρίαις 1 Ti 5:22. ποιεῖν ἁ. commit a sin (Tob 12:10; 14:7S; Dt 9:21) 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Pt 2:22; Js 5:15; 1J 3:4, 8. For this ἁμαρτάνειν ἁ. (Ex 32:30; La 1:8) 1J 5:16; ἐργάζεσθαι ἁ. Js 2:9; Hm 4, 1, 2 (LXX oft. ἐργάζ. ἀδικίαν or ἀνομίαν). μεγάλην ἁ. ἐργάζεσθαι commit a great sin m 4, 1, 1; 8:2. Pl. (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a τὰ μεγάλα ἁμαρτήματα κ. ἀδικήματα) Hs 7:2. ἐπιφέρειν ἁ. τινί Hv 1, 2, 4. ἑαυτῷ ἁ. ἐπιφέρειν bring sin upon oneself m 11:4; for this ἁ. ἐπισπᾶσθαί τινι m 4, 1, 8 (cp. Is 5:18). προστιθέναι ταῖς ἁ. add to one’s sins (cp. προσέθηκεν ἁμαρτίας ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας PsSol 3:10) Hv 5:7; m 4, 3, 7; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 11, 3; φέρειν ἁ. 1 Cl 16:4 (Is 53:4). ἀναφέρειν vs. 14 (Is 53:12). γέμειν ἁμαρτιῶν B 11:11. εἶναι ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 Cor 15:17 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Eth. Probl. 9 II 2 p. 129, 13 ἐν ἁμαρτήμασιν εἶναι).—Sin viewed from the perspective of God’s or Christ’s response: ἀφιέναι τὰς ἁ. let go = forgive sins (Lev 4:20 al.) Mt 9:2, 5f; Mk 2:5, 7, 9f; Lk 5:20ff; Hv 2, 2, 4; 1 Cl 50:5; 53:5 (Ex 32:32) al. (ἀφίημι 2); hence ἄφεσις (τῶν) ἁμαρτιῶν (Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. I 182, 4]) forgiveness of sins Mt 26:28; Mk 1:4; Lk 1:77; 3:3; 24:47; Ac 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; Hm 4, 3, 2; B 5:1; 6:11; 8:3; 11:1; 16:8. διδόναι ἄφεσιν ἁ. AcPl Ha 2, 30; λαβεῖν ἄφεσιν ἁ. receive forgiveness of sins Ac 26:18 (Just., D. 54 al); καθαρίζειν τὰς ἁ. cleanse the sins (thought of as a stain) Hs 5, 6, 3; καθαρίζειν ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4; cp. Sir 23:10; PsSol 10:1); also καθαρισμὸν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἁ. Hb 1:3; ἀπολούεσθαι τὰς ἁ. Ac 22:16 ([w. βαπτίζειν] Just., D. 13, 1 al.). λύτρον ἁ. ransom for sins B 19:10.—αἴρειν J 1:29; περιελεῖν ἁ. Hb 10:11; ἀφαιρεῖν (Ex 34:9; Is 27; 9) vs. 4; Hs 9, 28, 3; ῥυσθῆναι ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 60:3; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁ. ἀποσπασθῆναι AcPlCor 2:9. Sin as a burden αἱ ἁ. κατεβάρησαν Hs 9, 28, 6; as a disease ἰᾶσθαι Hs 9, 28, 5 (cp. Dt 30:3); s. also the verbs in question.—Looked upon as an entry in a ledger; hence ἐξαλείφεται ἡ ἁ. wiped away, cancelled (Ps 108:14; Jer 18:23; Is 43:25) Ac 3:19.—Opp. στῆσαι τὴν ἁ. 7:60; λογίζεσθαι ἁ. take account of sin (as a debt; cp. the commercial metaphor Ro 4:6 and s. FDanker, Gingrich Festschr. 104, n. 2) Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); 1 Cl 60:2 (Just., D. 141, 3). Pass. ἁ. οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται is not entered in the account Ro 5:13 (GFriedrich, TLZ 77, ’52, 523–28). Of sinners ὀφειλέτης ἁ. Pol 6:1 (cp. SIG 1042, 14–16 [II A.D.] ὸ̔ς ἂν δὲ πολυπραγμονήσῃ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ περιεργάσηται, ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννωι, ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι).—γινώσκειν ἁ. (cp. Num 32:23) Ro 7:7; Hm 4, 1, 5. ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας Ro 3:20; ὁμολογεῖν τὰς ἁ. 1J 1:9; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἐπὶ ταῖς ἁ. B 19:12; ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰς ἁ. Mt 3:6; Mk 1:5; Hv 3, 1, 5f; Hs 9, 23, 4; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁ. confess your sins to each other Js 5:16.—ἐλέγχειν τινὰ περὶ ἁ. convict someone of sin J 8:46; cp. ἵνα σου τὰς ἁ. ἐλέγξω πρὸς τὸν κύριον that I might reveal your sins before the Lord Hv 1, 1, 5.—σεσωρευμένος ἁμαρτίαις loaded down w. sins 2 Ti 3:6; cp. ἐπισωρεύειν ταῖς ἁ. B 4:6; ἔνοχος τῆς ἁ. involved in the sin Hm 2:2; 4, 1, 5. μέτοχος τῆς ἁ. m 4, 1, 9.—In Hb sin is atoned for (ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁ. 2:17) by sacrifices θυσίαι ὑπὲρ ἁ. 5:1 (cp. 1 Cl 41:2). προσφορὰ περὶ ἁ. sin-offering 10:18; also simply περὶ ἁ. (Lev 5:11; 7:37) vss. 6, 8 (both Ps 39:7; cp. 1 Pt 3:18); προσφέρειν περὶ ἁ. bring a sin-offering Hb 5:3; cp. 10:12; 13:11. Christ has made the perfect sacrifice for sin 9:23ff; συνείδησις ἁ. consciousness of sin 10:2; ἀνάμνησις ἁ. a reminder of sins of the feast of atonement vs. 3.

ⓑ special sins (ἁ. τῆς ἀποστασίας Iren. 5, 26, 2 [Harv. II 397, 4]): πρὸς θάνατον that leads to death 1J 5:16b (ἁμαρτάνω e); opp. οὐ πρὸς θάνατον vs. 17. μεγάλη ἁ. a great sin Hv 1, 1, 8 al. (Gen 20:9; Ex 32:30 al.; cp. Schol. on Pla., Tht. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα). μείζων ἁ. m 11:4; ἥττων 1 Cl 47:4. μεγάλη κ. ἀνίατος Hm 5, 2, 4; τέλειαι ἁ. Hv 1, 2, 1; B 8:1, cp. τὸ τέλειον τῶν ἁ. 5:11 (Philo, Mos. 1, 96 κατὰ τῶν τέλεια ἡμαρτηκότων); ἡ προτέρα ἁ. (Arrian, Anab. 7, 23, 8 εἴ τι πρότερον ἡμάρτηκας) sin committed before baptism Hm 4, 1, 11; 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 11, 3; cp. v 2, 1, 2.

② a state of being sinful, sinfulness, a prominent feature in Johannine thought, and opposed to ἀλήθεια; hence ἁ. ἔχειν J 9:41; 15:24; 1J 1:8. μείζονα ἁ. ἔχειν J 19:11; ἁ. μένει 9:41. γεννᾶσθαι ἐν ἁμαρτίαις be born in sin 9:34 (ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ v.l).; opp. ἐν ἁ. ἀποθανεῖν die in sin 8:21, 24; AcPl Ha 1, 16. ἁ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν 1J 3:5.

③ a destructive evil power, sin

ⓐ Paul thinks of sin almost in pers. terms (cp. Sir 27:10; Mel., P. 50, 359; PGM 4, 1448 w. other divinities of the nether world, also Ἁμαρτίαι χθόνιαι; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 119ff) as a ruling power that invades the world. Sin came into the world Ro 5:12 (JFreundorfer, Erbsünde u. Erbtod b. Ap. Pls 1927; ELohmeyer, ZNW 29, 1930, 1–59; JSchnitzer, D. Erbsünde im Lichte d. Religionsgesch. ’31; ROtto, Sünde u. Urschuld ’32; FDanker, Ro 5:12: Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’67/68, 424–39), reigns there vs. 21; 6:14; everything was subject to it Gal 3:22; people serve it Ro 6:6; are its slaves vss. 17, 20; are sold into its service 7:14 or set free from it 6:22; it has its law 7:23; 8:2; it revives (ἀνέζησεν) Ro 7:9 or is dead vs. 8; it pays its wages, viz., death 6:23, cp. 5:12 (see lit. s.v. ἐπί 6c). As a pers. principle it dwells in humans Ro 7:17, 20, viz., in the flesh (s. σάρξ 2cα) 8:3; cp. vs. 2; 7:25. The earthly body is hence a σῶμα τῆς ἁ. 6:6 (Col 2:11 v.l.).—As abstr. for concr. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁ. ὑπέρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν (God) made him, who never sinned, to be sin (i.e. the guilty one) for our sakes 2 Cor 5:21.

ⓑ In Hb (as in OT) sin appears as the power that deceives humanity and leads it to destruction, whose influence and activity can be ended only by sacrifices (s. 1a end): ἀπάτη τῆς ἁ. Hb 3:13.—On the whole word s. ἁμαρτάνω, end. GMoore, Judaism I 445–52; ABüchler, Studies in Sin and Atonement in the Rabb. Lit. of the I Cent. 1928; WKnuth, D. Begriff der Sünde b. Philon v. Alex., diss. Jena ’34; EThomas, The Problem of Sin in the NT 1927; Dodd 76–81; DDaube, Sin, Ignorance and Forgiveness in the Bible, ’61; AGelin and ADescamps, Sin in the Bible, ’65.—On the special question ‘The Christian and Sin’ see PWernle 1897; HWindisch 1908; EHedström 1911; RBultmann, ZNW 23, 1924, 123–40; Windisch, ibid. 265–81; RSchulz, D. Frage nach der Selbsttätigkt. d. Menschen im sittl. Leben b. Pls., diss. Hdlb. ’40.—JAddison, ATR 33, ’51, 137–48; KKuhn, πειρασμός ἁμαρτία σάρξ im NT: ZTK 49, ’52, 200–222; JBremer, Hamartia ’69 (Gk. views).—B. 1182. EDNT. DELG s.v. ἁμαρτάνω. M-M. TW.

ἐπιθυμία, ας, ἡ (s. ἐπιθυμέω; Pre-Socr., Hdt.+)

① a great desire for someth., desire, longing, craving

ⓐ as a neutral term, in Hdt., Pla., Thu. et al. αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐ. desires for other things Mk 4:19. ἐ. πράξεων πολλῶν desire for much business Hm 6, 2, 5 (but mng. 2 below is also poss.). ἐ. τῆς ψυχῆς desire of the soul Rv 18:14.

ⓑ of desire for good things (Diod S 11, 36, 5 ἐπιθ. τῆς ἐλευθερίας=for freedom; Pr 10:24 ἐ. δικαίου δεκτή; ἄνερ ἐπιθυμιῶν GrBar 1:3; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 111) ἐπιθυμίαν ἔχειν εἴς τι have a longing for someth. Phil 1:23 (ἐ. ἔχειν as Jos., C. Ap. 1, 255; ἐ. εἰς as Thu. 4, 81, 2). ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπιθυμεῖν (Gen 31:30) eagerly desire Lk 22:15 (s. on ἐπιθυμέω); ἐν πολλῇ ἐ. w. great longing 1 Th 2:17. ἐλπίζει μου ἡ ψυχὴ τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ μου μὴ παραλελοιπέναι τι I hope that, in accordance with my desire, nothing has been omitted B 17:1. ἡ ἐ. καὶ ἡ ἀγρυπνία 21:7. ε. ἀγαθὴν καὶ σεμνήν Hm 12, 1, 1.

② a desire for someth. forbidden or simply inordinate, craving, lust (as early as Plato, Phd. 83b ἡ τοῦ ὡς ἀληθῶς φιλοσόφου ψυχὴ οὕτως ἀπέχεται τ. ἡδονῶν τε καὶ ἐπιθυμιῶν κτλ.; Polystrat. p. 30; Duris [III B.C.]: 76 Fgm. 15 Jac.; then above all, the Stoics [EZeller, Philos. d. Griechen III/1⁴, 1909, 235ff], e.g. Epict. 2, 16, 45; 2, 18, 8f; 3, 9, 21 al.; Maximus Tyr. 24, 4a μέγιστον ἀνθρώπῳ κακὸν ἐπιθυμία; Herm. Wr. 1, 23; 12, 4, also in Stob. p. 444, 10 Sc.; Wsd 4:12; Sir 23:5; 4 Macc 1:22; 3:2 al.; ApcMos 19 ἐ. … κεφαλὴ πάσης ἁμαρτίας; Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 93, Leg. All. 2, 8, Vi. Cont. 74; Jos., Bell. 7, 261, Ant. 4, 143) Ro 7:7f; Js 1:14f; 2 Pt 1:4. ἐ. πονηρά (X., Mem. 1, 2, 64; Ar. 8, 4) Hv 1, 2, 4; 3, 7, 3; 3, 8, 4; m 8:5. ἐ. κακή (Pla., Leg. 9, 854a; Pr 12:12; 21:26; Just., A I, 10, 6) Col 3:5.—Of sexual desire (as early as Alcaeus [acc. to Plut., Mor. 525ab]; lead tablet fr. Hadrumetum 7 in Dssm., B 28 [BS 273ff] and IDefixWünsch no. 5 p. 23; PGM 17a, 9; 21; Sus Theod. 8; 11; 14 al., LXX 32; Jos., Ant. 4, 130; 132; Ath. 33, 1 μέτρον ἐπιθυμίας ἡ παιδοποιία; Did., Gen. 151, 27 ἄλογος ἐ.) D 3:3. πάθος ἐπιθυμίας 1 Th 4:5. κατʼ ἐπιθυμίαν (cp. Epict. 3, 15, 7; M. Ant. 2, 10, 1; 2; 3; Just., A II, 5, 4; Ath. 21, 1) in accordance with physical desire alone IPol 5:2. πρὸς ἐπιθυμίαν τ. ἀνθρώπων Ox 840, 38 (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 21, 401e πρὸς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τοῦ σώματος=to satisfy the desires of the body; cp. 405e: gambling, drunkenness and gluttony are called ἐπιθυμίαι.—In Ox 840, 38, since the ν in ἐπιθυμίαν is missing and restored, the word might also be ἐπιθυμίας.). ἐ. γυναικός (Da 11:37) Hm 6, 2, 5; 12, 2, 1. Pl. (oft. LXX; EpArist 256; Philo) w. παθήματα Gal 5:24. In a list of vices (cp. Philo, Congr. Erud. Grat. 172, Migr. Abr. 60, Vi. Cont. 2) 1 Pt 4:3; D 5:1. ἐ. πολλαὶ ἀνόητοι many foolish desires 1 Ti 6:9; νεωτερικαὶ ἐ. youthful desires 2 Ti 2:22 (WMetzger, TZ 33, ’77, 129–36); κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐ. in accordance w. their own desires 4:3; cp. πρὸς τὰς ἰ. ἐ. Pol. 7:1; κατὰ τὰς ἐ. αὐτῶν AcPl Ha 8, 20 (for this: ἀνομίας AcPl BMM recto, 26, restored after Ox 1602, 27). αἱ πρότερον ἐν τῇ ἀγνοίᾳ ἐ. the desires that ruled over you formerly, when you were ignorant 1 Pt 1:14.—W. gen.: subjective gen. ἐ. ἀνθρώπων 1 Pt 4:2; τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν J 8:44; gen. of quality ἐ. μιασμοῦ defiling passion 2 Pt 2:10; cp. μιαρὰς ἐ. 1 Cl 28:1; βδελυκτὰς ἐ. 30:1. ἐ. τῆς ἀπάτης deceptive desires Eph 4:22. τῶν ἐ. τῶν ματαίων 2 Cl 19:2; cp. Hm 11, 8. ἐ. τῶν ἀσεβειῶν Jd 18. ἐ. τῆς πονηρίας evil desire Hv 1, 1, 8. ἐ. τῆς ἀσελγείας 3, 7, 2; the gen. can also indicate the origin and seat of the desire ἐ. τῶν καρδιῶν of the hearts (Sir 5:2) Ro 1:24. τῆς καρδίας … τῆς πονηρᾶς 1 Cl 3:4. ἐ. τοῦ θνητοῦ σώματος Ro 6:12 (Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 21, 401e, s. above; Sextus 448 ἐπιθυμίαι τοῦ σώματος). τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3; 1J 2:16; 2 Pt 2:18; B 10, 9. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν 1J 2:16; to denote someth. to which desire belongs gener. vs. 17; σαρκικαὶ ἐ. (Hippol., Ref. 5, 9, 22; Did., Gen. 62, 3) 1 Pt 2:11; D 1:4; σωματικαὶ ἐ. (4 Macc 1:32) ibid.; κοσμικαὶ ἐ. worldly desires Tit 2:12; 2 Cl 17:3; ἐ. τῶν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ Pol 5:3; εἰς ἐ. to arouse desires Ro 13:14; ποιεῖν τὰς ἐ. act in accordance w. the desires J 8:44. τελεῖν ἐ. σαρκός gratify the cravings of the flesh Gal 5:16; ὑπακούειν ταῖς ἐ. obey the desires Ro 6:12; δουλεύειν ἐ. be a slave to the desires Tit 3:3; cp. δοῦλος ἐπιθυμίας IPol 4:3. ἄγεσθαι ἐπιθυμίαις be led about by desires 2 Ti 3:6. πορεύεσθαι κατὰ τὰς ἐ. Jd 16; 18; 2 Pt 3:3; ἐν ἐπιθυμίαις (Sir 5:2) 1 Pt 4:3; ταῖς ἐ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου Hs 6, 2, 3; 6, 3, 3; 7:2; 8, 11, 3. ἀναστρέφεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ἐ. Eph 2:3.—BEaston, Pastoral Ep. ’47, 186f; RAC II 62–78. S. πόθος.—Schmidt, Syn. III 591–601. M-M. TW. Sv.

περιίστημι,

2 bring round,

ὁ δῆμος εἰς ἑαυτὸν περιέστησε τὴν πολιτείαν Arist.Pol. 1304a33

;

εἰς τοὐναντίον π. τινὰ τῷ λόγῳ Pl.Ax.

l.c. ; εἰς τοσοῦτον π. τινά, ὥστε .. Heraclid.Pont. ap. Ath.12.537c ; esp. into a worse state, εἰς τοῦθ' ἡ τύχη τὰ πράγματα αὐτῶν περιέστησεν ὥστε .. Isoc.6.47, cf. Aeschin.3.82 ;

π. εἰς μοναρχίαν τὴν πολιτείαν Plb.3.8.2

; οἴκους εἰς πενίαν π. Hdn.7.3.5 ; convert, εἰς τὸ περιφερὲς [τὸν ἀέρα] Epicur.Ep.2p.51U.; transfer,

π. τὰς ἑαυτοῦ συμφορὰς εἴς τινα D.40.20

;

π. τὴν αἰτίαν εἴς τινα D.H.3.3

.

II in [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med., place round oneself,

ξυστοφόρων κύκλον X.Cyr.7.5.41

;

φρουρὰν περὶ τὸ σῶμα App.BC3.4

.

B [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., with [tense] aor. 2 ([tense] aor. 1, v.infr. 2), [tense] pf., and [tense] plpf. [voice] Act. :— stand round about,

περίστησαν γὰρ ἑταῖροι Il.4.532

; κῦμα περιστάθη a wave rose around ([dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.), Od.11.243 ;

περιστῆναι περί τι Pl.Ti. 84e

; τοῦ περιεστῶτος ἔξωθεν πνεύματος ib. 76b ; οἱ περιεστῶτες the bystanders, Antipho6.14 ;

ὄχλου πολλοῦ περιστάντος IG42(1).123.25

(Epid.).

2 c. acc. objecti, encircle, surround,

χορὸν περιίσταθ' ὅμιλος Il.18.603

; βοῦν δὲ περιστήσαντο (fort. περίστησάν τε) 2.410, cf. Od.12.356 ; μή πώς με περιστήωσ' ἕνα πολλοί ([dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. subj. [tense] aor. 2 for - στῶσι ) that their numbers surround me not, Il. 17.95, cf. Od.20.50 ; so

περιστάντες [τὸ θηρίον] κύκλῳ Hdt.1.43

, cf. 9.5, A.Fr. 379, Pl.R. 432b;

π. τὸν λόφον τῷ στρατεύματι X.Cyr.3.1.5

: metaph.,

τὸ περιεστὸς ἡμᾶς δεινόν Th.4.10

, cf.7.70 ;

τοσούτου πολέμου τὴν Ἀσίαν περιστάντος Isoc.4.162

;

χωρὶς τῆς περιστάσης ἂν ἡμᾶς αἰσχύνης D.3.8

;

διὰ τὸν φόβον τὸν περιστάντα αὐτούς Aeschin.3.137

;

φόβος π. τινά Th.3.54

, cf. D.18.195.

3 c. dat.,

περιισταμένους τῇ κλίνῃ Pl.Lg. 947b

: mostly metaph., come round to one,

ἡμῖν.. ἀδοξία τὸ πλέον ἢ ἔπαινος περιέστη Th.1.76

;

τῇ [Ἑλλάδι] δουλεία περιέστηκε Lys.2.60

;

τοῦ πολέμου περιεστηκότος Θηβαίοις D.16.28

;

πηλίκα τῇ πόλει περιέστηκε πράγματα Id.19.340

; ἀνάγκη π. τινί, c. inf., ib.212: abs., of circumstances, mostly bad,

τὰ περιεστηκότα πράγματα Lys. 2.32

, cf. Epicur.Sent.38 ;

οἱ περιεστῶτες καιροί Plb.3.86.7

.

II come round, revolve,

κύκλῳ Arist.Ph. 217a19

; of winds,

ἐκ τῶν ἀπαρκτίων εἰς θρασκίας Id.Mete. 365a6

; of Time,

περιισταμένης τῆς ὥρας Thphr.CP2.11.2

, cf. Hp.Nat.Hom.7.

2 come round to, devolve upon,

περιειστήκει ὑποψία ἐς τὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην Th.6.61

;

νομίσαντες τὸ παρανόμημα ἐς τοὺς Αθηναίους τὸ αὐτὸ περιεστάναι Id.7.18

; εἰς ὀλίγους ἡμᾶς περιέστη [ἡ στατίων] IG14.830.8 (Puteoli, ii A. D.).

3 of events, come round, turn out, esp. for the worse,

ἐξ ἀρρωστίης π. τινὶ ἐς ὕδερον Hp.Coac. 471

(but also of persons, ἐς ὕδρωπα περιίσταντο became dropsical, Id.Epid.3.13); ἐς τοῦτο περιέστη ἡ τύχη fortune was so completely reversed, Th.4.12 ; τοὐναντίον περιέστη αὐτῷ it turned out quite contrary for him, Id.6.24, cf. Lys.12.64, Pl.Men. 70c ;

ὁ τοῦ δικαίου λόγος εἰς τοὐναντίον περιειστήκει Id.R. 343a

; φιλεῖ ἐς τύχας τὰ πολλὰ περιίστασθαι come to be dependent on chances, Th.1.78 ;

εἰ τὰ μὲν πράγματ' εἰς ὅπερ νυνὶ περιέστη D.18.201

, cf. 3.9 ;

τὸ πρᾶγμ' εἰς ὑπέρδεινόν μοι περιέστη Id.21.111

, cf. 37.10 ; ἐνταῦθα τὰ πράγματα π. ὥστε .. Isoc.8.59, cf. 5.55 ; περιέστηκεν εἰς τοῦτο ὥστε .. Lycurg.3 : c. inf.,

περιειστήκει τοῖς βοηθείας δεήσεσθαι δοκοῦσιν αὐτοὺς βοηθεῖν ἑτέροις D.18.218

, cf. Pl.Mx. 244d : c. part.,

περιέστηκεν ἡ πρότερον σωφροσύνη νῦν ἀβουλία φαινομένη Th.1.32

.

III later, go round so as to avoid, shun,

τὰς ἁμαρτίας Phld.Rh.1.384

S.;

τὴν ὁμιλίαν J.AJ 1.1.4

;

κύνας Luc.Herm.86

(though he censures this usage, Sol.5), cf. Gal.UP10.14, Porph.Abst.4.7, etc.;

τὸν κίνδυνον Iamb.VP33.239

; τὸ μοναρχικόν ib.31.189 ;

τὴν ἀφροσύνην S.E.M.11.93

;

κενοφωνίας 2 Ep.Ti.2.16

;

τὸ εἰκῇ καὶ μάτην M.Ant.3.4

;

τοὺς ἡγουμένους Artem.4.59

; π. μὴ .. to be afraid lest.., J.AJ4.6.12; sneak round, Phld.Rh.1.99 S.; circumvent, τοὺς λογιστάς Mitteis Chr. 88iv 11 (ii A.D.):—so in [voice] Pass.,

περιεσταμένης τῆς λογοθεσίας BGU1019.8

(ii A. D.).